Which theory assumes that workers are inherently lazy and do not like to work?

The correct answer is Theory X, which posits that workers are inherently lazy and tend to avoid work whenever possible. This theory was introduced by Douglas McGregor in the 1960s as part of his management theories aiming to explain management's perceptions of employees. According to Theory X, managers believe that employees require strict supervision and control to perform their jobs effectively because they might lack ambition, prefer to be directed, and are motivated primarily by financial rewards or job security.

This perspective often leads to a more authoritarian management style, where the leader closely monitors employee behavior and enforces rules strictly. Theory X contrasts with Theory Y, which assumes that workers are self-motivated, enjoy their work, and seek responsibility, suggesting a more participative approach to management. Understanding these theories helps managers develop appropriate strategies for motivating their workforce based on their beliefs about employee behavior and motivation.