What defines the Preconventional stage of Kohlberg's moral development?

The Preconventional stage of Kohlberg's moral development is characterized by behavior that is primarily influenced by the anticipation of rewards and the desire to avoid punishments. In this stage, individuals, often children, make decisions based on self-interest and the consequences that follow their actions, rather than any moral principles or societal norms. They view morality as a sort of operational mechanism where good behavior is rewarded and bad behavior brings about punishment.

At this stage, there is a distinct lack of consideration for broader ethical standards or the implications that their actions may have on others, which makes the focus solely on immediate outcomes. This contrasts sharply with other stages of development, where societal norms, ethical justifications, or moral principles become increasingly important. Thus, the Preconventional stage is grounded in a fundamental understanding of right and wrong based purely on personal gain or avoidance of negative consequences.